历史的记忆与再诠释：林纾的《评选船山史论》
李焯然
（新加坡国立大学）
林纾（琴南，1852-1924）是中国近代文坛上著名的古文家，他也是近代中国以文言翻译外国小说的第一人，虽然不懂外文，曾经靠他人口述，翻译外国作品二百多种，其中有世界名著四十种，对中国现代文学和翻译的兴起产生过重要的影响，也是引进西方思想的先驱人物。民国初年，随着新文化运动的兴起，中国的知识分子对中国传统的道德及文学加以怀疑并大肆攻击，林纾却尽力为旧的礼教和文学辩护，反对新的运动，所以被认为是旧的传统的代表，受到否定。
近年林纾在中国文坛上的地位已经重新受到肯定，但却很少人注意到林纾其实在史论方面也有他独特的见解。《评选船山史论》写于宣统元年（1909），是林纾担任学堂教习时的讲稿。全书分两卷，上卷收史论三十九则，下卷收史论三十四则。书中所收船山史论，是来自王船山的《读通鉴论》。《读通鉴论》是王夫之读司马光《资治通鉴》的个人评论，而《评选船山史论》则是林纾读《读通鉴论》的个人心得，故林氏于每则史论之后，都加上“林纾曰”的评语。
本文尝试通过《评选船山史论》去追溯《资治通鉴》、《读通鉴论》、《评选船山史论》三书在史评方面的发展，并了解历史论述从司马光、王夫之到林纾的转变，以探讨林纾对历史事件的再诠释。
Memory and Re-interpretation of History: Impartial Evaluation of Chuan-shan’s Historical Commentaries by Lin Shu
Li Zhuoran
National University of Singapore
Lin Shu（1852-1924） is a famous scholar in classical Chinese in the contemporary literary scene of China. He is also the first person in contemporary China to translate foreign novels into classical Chinese. Although he was not proficient in foreign languages, through the oral account by other people, he translated over two hundred foreign works, including forty world classics, exerting great impact on Chinese modern literature and the emergence of translation. Lin Shu was also a forerunner in introducing Western thinking to China. In the early period of Republic of China, with the rise of New Cultural Movement, Chinese intellectuals radically challenged and decried Chinese traditional ethics and literature, but Lin Shu strived to defend traditional teaching and propriety and literature, opposed to the new movements and so he was defined as a representative of old tradition and thus denied.
In recent years, Lin’s status in Chinese literary scene has been reassessed and recognised. But few people notice that Lin Shu indeed held exceptional insights in historical criticism. Impartial Evaluation of Chuan-shan’s Historical Commentaries was written in 1909, the first year of the Xuantong period of Qing dynasty, as a collection of his lecture notes while he was teaching. The publication was printed in two volumes. Volume I collects thirty-nine pieces of historical commentaries while thirty-four for Volume II. The historical commentaries of Chuan-shan are based on Writings on Reading Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in the Government by Wang Chuan-shan, a collection of personal commentaries to Sima Guang’s Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in the Government, whereas, Impartial Evaluation of Chuan-shan’s Historical Commentaries is Lin Shu’s personal review following his reading of Writings on Reading Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in the Government by Wang Chuan-shan. Therefore, following each piece of historical criticism was put Lin’s comment beginning with “Lin Shu says,”
Through Impartial Evaluation of Chuan-shan’s Historical Commentaries, this essay attempts to trace the development of historical criticism along the line of the three publications of Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in the Government, Writings on Reading Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in the Government and Impartial Evaluation of Chuan-shan’s Historical Commentaries. It also aims to understand the changes in historical narration since Sima Guan, through Wang Chuan-shan to Lin Shu, and to investigate Lin Shu’s re-interpretation of historical incidents.